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    <subfield code="a">Mathematics Anxiety, Self-Concept, and Self-Efficacy</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">: A Multidimensional Scaling Consideration of Measures (Journal Article)</subfield>
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    <subfield code=":">: Taylor and Francis Group</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">The Journal of Experimental Education</subfield>
    <subfield code="v">, Volume 91: Number 3, 2023</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">***______{For Hard Copy, Please visit Library.}________***

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    <subfield code="a">Abstract: Social cognitive theory suggests students with low mathematics self-concept and low mathematics self-efficacy often display high mathematics anxiety. A better understanding of the antecedents of mathematics anxiety could lead to more effective interventions. However, findings from empirical research examining mathematics self-concept and self-efficacy as related to mathematics anxiety are inconsistent, perhaps due to overlapping definitions and operationalization. We investigated the relations of mathematics anxiety, self-concept, and self-efficacy using multidimensional scaling. Attention was given to the relationships across varying levels of specificity of self-efficacy (e.g., course, task, and problem). Participants were undergraduate students in an introductory quantitative reasoning course (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;457). We found that mathematics self-efficacy occupied a distinct space, but there is considerable overlap in the areas of mathematics anxiety and self-concept. This study contributes to the literature on how these constructs are defined operationally and provides guidance on the use of measures for future studies on the antecedents of mathematics anxiety.</subfield>
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